to be. Additional behaviors skilled breeders can train in- clude hopping onto a scale, recall and crate training.


tolerate it does notmean itwill have lasting value past the critical period of development. By including reinforcers such as swallows of hand feeding formula, head scratches, cuddles, etc. baby parrots are more likely to be receptive as they mature. Harness training is just one example of a behavior that ismore likely to be successful if started dur- ing a critical period and paired with reinforcers.


Harness training a behavior that is more likely to be successful if started during a critical period and paired with reinforcers. Photo credit: Barbara Heidenreich


Critical periods of development are specific times dur-


ing which the environment has its greatest impact on an individual's development. This has been studied exten- sively in dogs (and humans). Anecdotally we see critical periods of development in other animals as well, includ- ing parrots. Formany young animalswe see receptiveness to new experiences during these times. For example a young parrot may allow manipulation of its wings, feet and beak. It may reach out to explore a nail file, towel or new toy. It may find new environments and people non- threatening and interesting. However as this period of de- velopment passes, this window of “openness” closes. Training conscientious breederswill take advantage of this period of development to expose young parrots to new items, people, places and experiences.However theywill also be sure to pair positive reinforcerswith those newsit- uations. This important step is often missed by those not versed in positive reinforcement. Just because the birdwill


Beni andWrigley were both raised by a breeder who knows about training. Photo credit: Barbara Heidenreich


Good Bird Magazine 11


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